gentleman.

Salam In the battle of Siffin, one who carried the flag, was Huzain Ibn Munzir. Imam Ali said about him: لِمَنْ رَايَةٌ حَمْرَاءُ يَخْفِقُ ظِلُّهَا إِذَا قِيلَ قَدِّمْهَا حُضَيْنٌ تَقَدَّمَا Whose flag is it that its shadow is such a flying? And if it is told that Huzain is carrying it (the flag), he surely does. Based on this poem, the flag of the Imam Ali's army in Siffin, was a red one. "Aljamal, Mufid (published by Mufid congress), P 320" The biggest flag in the battle of Camel (Jamal), that was white, and whose carrier was Muhammad Ibn Hanafiah, was tied on a bayonet. "Al Jamal (published by the Al Haydaria publisher), P 183" But about the flag of Imam Husain, I couldn’t find anything.

Saad Ibn Abi Waqqas, was one of the brave companions of the holy prophet who fought in many battles beside the prophet Mulammad (pbuh), but after the prophet passed away, he became of the Q'aedeen (meaning that people sat aside, waiting to see what will happen to the succession of the prophet. This was his way till the martyrdom of Imam Ali (a.s), and he didn’t help Imam in his battles. Here is a story about him, when he went to the Syria, to visit the Mu'awiah: "Sa'ad Ibn Abi Vaqas (the father of Omar Ibn Sa'ad, the killer of Imam Al Husain), was speaking with Muawia'. He told Muawia': you fought with Ali (a.s) while you know he was better than you to be the caliph. Why? Mu'awiah said. Sa'ad said: because the holy prophet said: whoever I am his master (moula) so Ali is his master. O Allah, assist who aid him and humiliate who has hostility towards him, and also for his excellence and background in Islam. Then Muawia' said: now, you became the most degraded in my eye. Why? Sa'ad said. Mu'awiah said: because you left him and didn't help him while you knew this (words of the prophet) about him…" Ans'sab Al-Ashra'f, V 5, P 80 Now, the judgment is upon the reader.

Salam Recently, I studied much about Abdul Majid II, the last Ottoman caliph. I read that he wanted to do some Islamic reforms, but under the pressure of the western countries and also Kamal Attaturk, he failed to success. After Attaturk took the power, he tried his best to demolish the signs of Islamic civilization, from the field of Turkey. He closed lots of mosques, banned the Islamic ceremonies, forced women to leave their Hijab, and tried to remove Islam from the Turkey and to limit Islam into ay specific mosque, which he specified. Reza Khan (Pahlavi), got Attaturk as his pattern and did such things he did in Iran. People, most of them) hated him and the king after him (Muhammad Reza) changed his way to calm down the Muslim people who were the most population of Iran, at that time and also nowadays. Attaturk was a western hireling, who put what his western lords wanted, into practice in the Turkey. Shia hate him like Reza Khan and anyone like them.

Hopeful

Telling lies is blamed in Islam, and the mendacious is counted as the enemy of Allah رُوِيَ عَنْ عَليٍّ عليه السّلام قال: اَلْكَذَّابُ وَ الْمَيِّتُ سِوَاءٌ لِأَنَّ‏ فَضِيلَةَ الْحَيِّ عَلَى الْمَيِّتِ الثِّقَةُ بِهِ فَإِذَا لَمْ يُوثَقُ بِكَلَامِهِ بَطَلَتْ حَيَاتُهُ. Narrated from Imam Ali (a.s): The mendacious and the dead are the same. Because the privilege of a live person upon the dead one, is to trust on but not on the dead one, so if someone's speaking is not trustworthy, he is not alive either. Qurar Al Hikam, P 220

َ قَالَ الصَّادِقُ ع‏ مَا اتَّخَمْتُ قَطُّ وَ ذَلِكَ أَنِّي لَمْ أَبْدَأْ بِطَعَامٍ إِلَّا قُلْتُ- بِسْمِ اللَّهِ وَ لَمْ أَفْرُغْ مِنْ طَعَامٍ إِلَّا قُلْتُ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّه‏ من لا يحضره الفقيه ج‏3 356 Imam Sadiq (a.s) said: I never suffered from stomachache because I didn’t start my eating, except by saying Bislillah (بِسْمِ اللَّهِ) and I didn’t end my eating except by saying Alhamdulillah (الْحَمْدُ لِلَّه‏) Man La Yahzarohul Faqih, V 3, P 356

Of course. The USA, The UK and Israel love and agree with him !!

I wrote it down: The holy prophet (pbuh) said: The one who learns knowledge for duplicity, and seeks this world by his knowledge, Allah will turn his blessings away on him and make hardships in his life, and leave him out. And ones whom Allah leaves them out, they will be perished.

Very nice point you mentioned May Allah haste Imam Mahdi's reappearance.

Is it possible to unite the Islamic society again? Considering too much challenge and difficulties which Muslims are occupied with?

The behavior which makes one alone قَالَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ (ع): «أَسْوَأُ النَّاسِ حَالًا مَنْ لَمْ يَثِقْ بِأَحَدٍ لِسُوءِ ظَنِّهِ وَ لَمْ يَبْقَ بِهِ أَحَدٌ لِسُوءِ فِعْلِهِ» Imam Ali (a.s) said: The most unwell person is the one who trusts no one because of his suspicion, and as a result of his bad treat, no one remains with him. Bihar Al Anva'ar, V 75, P 93 يا أَيُّهَا الَّذينَ آمَنُوا اجْتَنِبُوا كَثيراً مِنَ الظَّنِّ إِنَّ بَعْضَ الظَّنِّ إِثْمٌ وَ لا تَجَسَّسُوا... O ye who believe! Avoid suspicion as much) as possible (: for suspicion in some cases is a sin: and spy not on each other… (49/12)

A miserable ending for a researcher (or student): Seeking and learning knowledge is an admirable and emphasized issue in Islam. But Islam, itself, reproves learning for some specific purposes, such: قال رسول الله صلی الله علیه و آله و سلم: «من طلب العلم ریاء و سُمعَه یرید به الدنیا نزع الله برکته و ضیق علیه معیشته و وکله الله الی نفسه و من وکله الی نفسه هلک» The holy prophet (pbuh) said: The one who learns knowledge for duplicity, and seeks this world by his knowledge, Allah will turn his blessings away on him and make hardships in his life, and leave him out. And ones whom Allah leaves them out, they will be perished. Bihar Al Anwar, V 77, P 100

Salam All are in the same source as I mentioned

Muawia' was the first… Muawia' was the first one who spoke (for the Friday's prayer) while he was sitting. Muawia', was the first one who took Zakat (religious taxes) from the gifts and the presents. Muawia' was the first one who left the Takbir (saying AllhoAkbar), before and after the prostrate (Sajda), while the holy prophet said Takbir, before and after his Sajda. Muawia' was the first one who put some specific doors for Egyptians and Iraqis in the Masjid Al Haram (the mosque around the Ka'aba) Muawia' was the first one who reduced the wergild (blood money) of whom has an alliance with Muslims (Muahid), to half, and got the rest of the money (another half of his wergild) for himself. Muawia' was the first one who killed the guilties by persecution (Qatl al Sabr). Ta'arikh Al Madina' Al Damishq (the history of Damishq city), V 59, P 202,203

Muhammad Al Qazali (who is famously named Imam Muhammad Al Qazali) is one the great Sha'afie' scholars in Fiqh, philosophy, and Kalam, who was born in Tus/ Iran at 450 (hijri). Since he was a bigoted Sunni, Shia doesn’t believe him in Fiqh. But in many aspects, he is acceptable, even between Shia'. He has some writings, both in Arabic and Farsi, and his famous book written in Farsi is Kimiaye Sa'adat (Elixir of the Felicity)